Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability: An Introduction to the Bootstrap. 7, 2nd edn (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970). Course of Theoretical Physics: Theory of Elasticity. Cell locomotion and focal adhesions are regulated by substrate flexibility. Novel methods for the guidance and monitoring of single cells and simple networks in culture. Geometric control of cell life and death. S., Mrksich, M., Huang, S., Whitesides, G. Energy landscapes of receptor–ligand bonds explored with dynamic force spectroscopy. Merkel, R., Nassoy, P., Leung, A., Ritchie, K. Models for the specific adhesion of cells to cells. Mechanical and chemical unfolding of a single protein: a comparison. The molecular elasticity of the ECM protein tenascin. Discrete interactions in cell adhesion measured by single-molecule force spectroscopy. Characterization of single actin–myosin interactions. Cellular control lies in the balance of forces. Selective regulation of integrin–cytoskeleton interactions by the tyrosine kinase Src. Integrin signaling and cell growth control. Rho-mediated contractility exposes a cryptic site in fibronectin and induces fibronectin matrix assembly. Nascent focal adhesions are responsible for the generation of strong traction forces in migrating cells. Myosin is involved in postmitotic cell spreading. Rho, rac, and cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia, and filopodia. Imaging the traction stresses exerted by locomoting cells with the elastic substratum method. Molecular diversity of cell–matrix adhesions. Dynamics and segregation of cell-matrix adhesions in cultured fibroblasts.
Keratocytes generate traction forces in two phases. Traction forces of cytokinesis measured with optically modified elastic substrata. Stresses at the cell-to-substrate interface during locomotion of fibroblasts. A micromachined device provides a new bend on fibroblast traction forces.
Traction forces generated by locomoting keratocytes. Lee, J., Leonard, M., Oliver, T., Ishihara, A. Silicone rubber substrata: a new wrinkle in the study of cell locomotion. Externally applied local mechanical force induces growth of focal contacts by a mDia1-dependent and ROCK-independent mechanism. Extracellular matrix rigidity causes strengthening of integrin–cytoskeleton linkages. Adhesions of fibroblasts to substratum during contact inhibition observed by interference reflection microscopy. Molecular interactions in the submembrane plaque of cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions. Molecular interactions in cell adhesion complexes. Integrins as mechanochemical transducers. Caldesmon inhibits nonmuscle cell contractility and interferes with the formation of focal adhesions. In Guidebook to the Extracellular Matrix, Anchor, and Adhesion Proteins (eds Kreis, T. Cytoskeleton-associated anchor and signal transduction proteins. Focal adhesions, contractility, and signaling. Selectins, T-cell rolling and inflammation. Cell migration: regulation of force on extracellular-matrix–integrin complexes. Cell adhesion events mediated by alpha 4 integrins are essential in placental and cardiac development. The results put clear constraints on the possible molecular mechanisms for the mechanosensory response of focal adhesions to applied force. The dynamics of the force-dependent modulation of focal adhesions were characterized by blocking actomyosin contractility and were found to be on a time scale of seconds. Local forces are correlated with the orientation, total fluorescence intensity and area of the focal adhesions, indicating a constant stress of 5.5 ± 2 nNμm-2. This method combines micropatterning of elastomer substrates and fluorescence imaging of focal adhesions in live cells expressing GFP-tagged vinculin. A novel approach was developed for real-time, high-resolution measurements of forces applied by cells at single adhesion sites. In order to explore the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation, we have investigated the relationship between local force applied by the cell to the substrate and the assembly of focal adhesions.
Mechanical forces play a major role in the regulation of cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization.
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